Diaper dermatitis in infants

Diaper dermatitis: A complete guide to prevention and care

Diaper dermatitis, also known as diaper rash, is probably the most common skin problem faced by parents of infants. It is an inflammation of the skin in the diaper area, manifested by redness, irritation, and sometimes a rash. Although this condition causes discomfort for the child, it is usually not dangerous and responds well to correction with proper care.

Why does diaper dermatitis occur? The "perfect storm" under the diaper

A diaper creates a warm, moist environment that is ideal for the development of irritation. The basis of dermatitis is a combination of several factors:

• Excess moisture. Prolonged contact of the skin with urine and stool softens its top protective layer, making it vulnerable.
• Friction. Constant rubbing of the diaper against the baby's delicate skin causes mechanical irritation.
• Chemical irritants. Ammonia formed from the breakdown of urine and enzymes present in stool are strong irritants that alter the skin's pH and damage its protective barrier.
• Fungal infection. The warm and moist environment is ideal for the growth of Candida albicans, which can join existing irritation, causing a bright red rash with small "satellite" papules.
• Introduction of solid foods. Changes in the infant's stools after introducing new foods can also provoke dermatitis. This is discussed in the article "Introducing solids".

Prevention — the best treatment

The most effective way to combat diaper dermatitis is to prevent it from appearing. Prevention is based on a few simple rules:

• Frequent diaper changes. Change the diaper as soon as it becomes wet or dirty, ideally every 2–3 hours, and also immediately after a bowel movement.
• Thorough cleaning. During each diaper change, rinse the baby with warm running water. Use a mild, soap‑free cleanser only after a bowel movement.
• Air baths. This is the "golden" rule. Leave the baby without a diaper for 10–15 minutes several times a day so the skin can fully dry and "breathe".
• Use of a barrier cream. Apply a thin layer of cream under the diaper (containing zinc oxide or dexpanthenol) at each change. It creates a protective barrier between the skin and moisture.

You can learn more about hygiene in the article "Daily hygienic care". For other skin problems, read our guide "Rash in infants".